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<title>Access Database Engine</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Access Database Engine</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about JET Red used in <a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a>. For the JET Blue <a href="ISAM" title="ISAM">ISAM</a> implementation, see <a href="Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Access Database Engine</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ACE Database Engine</li><li>Office Access Connectivity Engine (ACE)</li><li>Microsoft JET Engine</li><li>Microsoft Jet Database Engine</li><li>Jet Red</li><li>Joint Engine Technology (JET)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1992</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">ACE 16

</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Database_engine" title="Database engine">Database engine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/">office<wbr>.microsoft<wbr>.com<wbr>/en-us<wbr>/access<wbr>/</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Access Database Engine</b> (also <b>Office Access Connectivity Engine</b> or <b>ACE</b> and formerly <b>Microsoft Jet Database Engine</b>, <i>Microsoft JET Engine</i> or simply <i>Jet</i>) is a <a href="Database_engine" title="Database engine">database engine</a> on which several <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> products have been built. The first version of Jet was developed in 1992, consisting of three <a href="Module_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Module (programming)">modules</a> which could be used to manipulate a database.

</p><p>JET stands for <i>Joint Engine Technology</i>. <a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a> and <a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> use or have used Jet as their underlying database engine. However, it has been superseded for general use, first by <a href="Microsoft_Desktop_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Desktop Engine">Microsoft Desktop Engine</a> (MSDE), then later by <a href="SQL_Server_Express" title="SQL Server Express">SQL Server Express</a>. For larger database needs, Jet databases can be upgraded (or, in Microsoft parlance, "up-sized") to Microsoft's flagship SQL Server database product.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

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<p>Jet, being part of a <a href="Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> (RDBMS), allows the manipulation of <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It offers a single <a href="Interface_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface (computer science)">interface</a> that other software can use to access Microsoft databases and provides support for security, <a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">referential integrity</a>, <a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a>, <a href="Index_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (database)">indexing</a>, <a href="Record_locking" title="Record locking">record</a> and page locking, and data replication. In later versions, the engine has been extended to run <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> queries, store character data in <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> format, create <a href="View_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="View (database)">database views</a> and allow bi-directional replication with Microsoft SQL Server.

</p>

<p>There are three modules to Jet: One is the <i>Native Jet ISAM Driver</i>, a <a href="Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">dynamic link library</a> (DLL) that can directly manipulate Microsoft Access database files (MDB) using a (random access) file system API. Another one of the modules contains the <i>ISAM Drivers</i>, DLLs that allow access to a variety of <a href="Indexed_Sequential_Access_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Indexed Sequential Access Method">Indexed Sequential Access Method</a> ISAM databases, among them <a href="XBase" title="XBase">xBase</a>, <a href="Paradox_(database)" title="Paradox (database)">Paradox</a>, <a href="Btrieve" title="Btrieve">Btrieve</a> and <a href="FoxPro" title="FoxPro">FoxPro</a>, depending on the version of Jet. The final module is the <i>Data Access Objects</i> (DAO) DLL.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Data_Access_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Access Objects">DAO</a> provides an <a href="API" title="API">API</a> that allows programmers to access JET databases using any programming language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locking">Locking</h3></div>

<p>Jet allows multiple users to access the database concurrently. To prevent that data from being corrupted or invalidated when multiple users try to edit the same record or page of the database, Jet employs a locking policy. Any single user can modify only those <a href="Database_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Database record">database records</a> (that is, items in the database) to which the user has applied a <a href="Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">lock</a>, which gives exclusive access to the record until the lock is released. In Jet versions before version 4, a page locking model is used, and in Jet 4, a record locking model is employed. Microsoft databases are organized into data "pages", which are fixed-length (2 <a href="Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kB</a> before Jet 4, 4 kB in Jet 4) data structures. Data is stored in "records" of variable length that may take up less or more than one page. The page locking model works by locking the pages, instead of individual records, which though less resource-intensive also means that when a user locks one record, all other records on the same page are collaterally locked. As a result, no other user can access the collaterally locked records, even though no user is accessing them and there is no need for them to be locked. In Jet 4, the record locking model eliminates collateral locks, so that every record that is not in use is available.

</p><p>There are two mechanisms that Microsoft uses for <a href="Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">locking</a>: <i>pessimistic locking</i>, and <i>optimistic locking</i>. With pessimistic locking, the record or page is locked immediately when the lock is requested, while with optimistic locking, the locking is delayed until the edited record is saved. Conflicts are less likely to occur with optimistic locking, since the record is locked only for a short period of time. However, with optimistic locking one cannot be certain that the update will succeed because another user could lock the record first. With pessimistic locking, the update is guaranteed to succeed once the lock is obtained. Other users must wait until the lock is released in order to make their changes. Lock conflicts, which either require the user to wait, or cause the request to fail (usually after a timeout) are more common with pessimistic locking.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transaction_processing">Transaction processing</h3></div>

<p>Jet supports <a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a> for database systems that have this capability (<a href="Open_Database_Connectivity" title="Open Database Connectivity">ODBC</a> systems have one-level transaction processing, while several ISAM systems like Paradox do not support transaction processing). A transaction is a series of operations performed on a database that must be done together — this is known as <a href="Atomicity_(database_systems)" title="Atomicity (database systems)">atomicity</a> and is one of the <a href="ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability), concepts considered to be the key transaction processing features of a <a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management system</a>. For transaction processing to work (until Jet 3.0), the programmer needed to begin the transaction manually, perform the operations needed to be performed in the transaction, and then commit (save) the transaction. Until the transaction is committed, changes are made only in memory and not actually written to disk.<sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_TransactionMemory"><a class="external autonumber external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Database_Engine#endnote_TransactionMemory">[1]</a></sup> Transactions have a number of advantages over independent database updates. One of the main advantages is that transactions can be abandoned if a problem occurs during the transaction. This is called rolling back the transaction, or just rollback, and it restores the state of the database records to precisely the state before the transaction began. Transactions also permit the state of the database to remain consistent if a system failure occurs in the middle of a sequence of updates required to be atomic. There is no chance that only some of the updates will end up written to the database; either all will succeed, or the changes will be discarded when the database system restarts. With ODBC's in-memory policy, transactions also allow for many updates to a record to occur entirely within memory, with only one expensive disk write at the end.

</p><p>Implicit transactions were supported in Jet 3.0. These are transactions that are started automatically after the last transaction was committed to the database. Implicit transactions in Jet occurred when an <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> <a href="Data_Manipulation_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Manipulation Language">DML</a> statement was issued. However, it was found that this had a negative performance impact in 32-bit Windows (Windows 95, Windows 98), so in Jet 3.5 Microsoft removed implicit transactions when SQL DML statements were made.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_integrity">Data integrity</h3></div>

<p>Jet enforces <a href="Entity_integrity" title="Entity integrity">entity integrity</a> and <a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">referential integrity</a>. Jet will by default prevent any change to a record that breaks referential integrity, but Jet databases can instead use <a href="Propagation_constraint" title="Propagation constraint">propagation constraints</a> (cascading updates and cascading deletes) to maintain referential integrity.

</p><p>Jet also supports "business rules" (also known as "constraints"), or rules that apply to any column to enforce what data might be placed into the table or <a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a>. For example, a rule might be applied that does not allow a date to be entered into a date_logged column that is earlier than the current date and time, or a rule might be applied that forces people to enter a positive value into a numeric only field.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div>

<p>Access to Jet databases is done on a per user-level. The user information is kept in a separate system database, and access is controlled on each object in the system (for instance by table or by query). In Jet 4, Microsoft implemented functionality that allows database administrators to set security via the SQL commands CREATE, ADD, ALTER, DROP USER and DROP GROUP. These commands are a subset of ANSI SQL 92 standard, and they also apply to the GRANT/REVOKE commands.<sup id="cite_ref-Jet4Features_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet4Features-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Jet 2 was released, security could also be set programmatically through <a href="Data_Access_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Access Objects">DAO</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queries">Queries</h3></div>

<p>Queries are the mechanisms that Jet uses to retrieve data from the database. They can be defined in <a href="Microsoft_QBE" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft QBE">Microsoft QBE</a> (Query By Example), through the Microsoft Access SQL Window or through Access Basic's Data Access Objects (DAO) language. These are then converted to a SQL <a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECT</a> statement. The query is then <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compile" class="extiw external" title="wikt:compile">compiled</a> — this involves parsing the query (involves syntax checking and determining the columns to query in the database table), then converting into an internal Jet query object format, which is then <a href="Tokenization_(lexical_analysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokenization (lexical analysis)">tokenized</a> and organized into a tree-like structure. In Jet 3.0 onward these are then optimized using the Microsoft Rushmore query optimization technology. The query is then executed and the results passed back to the application or user who requested the data.

</p><p>Jet passes the data retrieved for the query in a <a href="Dynaset" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynaset">dynaset</a>. This is a set of data that is linked dynamically back to the database. Instead of having the query result stored in a temporary table, where the data cannot be updated directly by the user, the dynaset allows the user to view and update the data contained in the dynaset. Thus, if a university lecturer queries all students who received a distinction in their assignment and finds an error in that student's record, the user would only need to update the data in the dynaset, which would automatically update the student's database record without the need for the user to send a specific update query after storing the query results in a temporary table.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<th>Jet version

</th>

<th>Jet engine

</th>

<th>DLL file name

</th>

<th>Supported database versions

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">1.0

</td>

<td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?

</td>

<td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?

</td>

<td>1.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">1.1

</td>

<td>1.10.0001

</td>

<td align="left">MSAJT110.DLL

</td>

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1.0</li><li>1.1</li></ul></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">2.0

</td>

<td>2.00.0000

</td>

<td align="left">MSAJT200.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">2.5

</td>

<td>2.50.1606

</td>

<td align="left">MSAJT200.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">3.0

</td>

<td>3.0.0.2118

</td>

<td align="left">MSJT3032.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">3.5

</td>

<td>3.51.3328.0

</td>

<td align="left">MSJET35.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">4.0 SP8

</td>

<td>4.0.8015.0

</td>

<td align="left">MSJET40.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">ACE 12

</td>

<td>12.0.xxxx.xxxx

</td>

<td align="left">ACECORE.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">ACE 14

</td>

<td>14.0.xxxx.xxxx

</td>

<td align="left">ACECORE.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">ACE 15

</td>

<td>15.0.xxxx.xxxx

</td>

<td align="left">ACECORE.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="left">ACE 16

</td>

<td>16.0.xxxx.xxxx

</td>

<td align="left">ACECORE.DLL

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;" colspan="4"><div style="font-size: 75%">Sources:

<ul><li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002438/http://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/178880">https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002438/http://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/178880</a> </span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002436/http://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/282010">https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002436/http://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/282010</a> </span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216193756/https://support.microsoft.com/kb/239114/">https://web.archive.org/web/20141216193756/https://support.microsoft.com/kb/239114/</a></span></li></ul></div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th align="center"><b>Application/Version</b>

</th>

<th align="center"><b>Jet version</b>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a> 1.0

</td>

<td align="left">1.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 1.1

</td>

<td>1.1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2.0

</td>

<td>2.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2.0 Service Pack

</td>

<td>2.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Microsoft Access 95</li><li><a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> 95</li></ul></div>

</td>

<td>3.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Microsoft Access 97</li><li>Excel 97</li><li><a href="Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a> 97</li><li><a href="Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a> 97</li></ul></div>

</td>

<td>3.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2000

</td>

<td>4.0 SP1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2002

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2003

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2007

</td>

<td>ACE 12

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2010

</td>

<td>ACE 14

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2013

</td>

<td>ACE 15

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access 2016

</td>

<td>ACE 16

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> 3.0

</td>

<td>1.1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Visual Basic Compatibility Layer

</td>

<td>2.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Visual Basic 4.0 16-bit

</td>

<td>2.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Visual Basic 4.0 32-bit

</td>

<td>3.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Visual Basic 5.0

</td>

<td>3.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Visual_C_Plus_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual C Plus Plus">Visual C++</a> 4.X

</td>

<td>3.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Visual C++ 5.0

</td>

<td>3.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Project" title="Microsoft Project">Microsoft Project</a> 4.1</li><li>Project 95</li></ul></div>

</td>

<td>3.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Server</a> 3.0

</td>

<td>3.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">SQL Server</a> 7.0

</td>

<td>4.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Redistributable installers</b>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Jet 3.51 web download

</td>

<td>3.5+

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">MDAC</a> 2.1

</td>

<td>4.0 SP1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>MDAC 2.5

</td>

<td>4.0 SP3 to SP6+

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Jet 4.0

</td>

<td>4.0 SP3 to SP8

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2007 Office System Driver

</td>

<td>ACE 12

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Microsoft Access Database Engine 2010

</td>

<td>ACE 14

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=39358">Microsoft Access Database Engine 2013</a>

</td>

<td>ACE 15

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=54920">Microsoft Access Database Engine 2016</a>

</td>

<td>ACE 16

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Operating systems</b>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a>

</td>

<td>4.0 SP3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>

</td>

<td>4.0 SP3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>

</td>

<td>4.0 SP5+

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a>

</td>

<td>4.0 SP6+

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>

</td>

<td>4.0 SP8+

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a>

</td>

<td>4.0 SP8+

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>

</td>

<td>4.0 SP8+

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"><div style="font-size: 75%">Sources:

<ul><li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc966378.aspx">Microsoft Jet Database Engine Programmer's Guide - Introduction</a></span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524014114/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/178880/en">INFO: Identifying the Jet Database Engine Components</a></span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604163201/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/231943/en">Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC) release history</a></span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604163211/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/842279/en">Release manifest for MDAC 2.1 (2.1.1.3711.11) (GA)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/271908/en">INFO: MDAC Version 2.6 and Later Do Not Contain Jet or Desktop ODBC Drivers</a></span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/842176/release-manifest-for-mdac-2-5-service-pack-3-2-53-6200-2">Release manifest for MDAC 2.5 Service Pack 3 (2.53.6200.2)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.google.co.uk/group/microsoft.public.access.gettingstarted/msg/84584fde3ef99112?hl=en">Wrong Autonumber</a></span></li>

<li><span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524060440/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/239114/en">How to obtain the latest service pack for the Microsoft Jet 4.0 Database Engine</a></span></li></ul>

</div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Jet originally started in 1992 as an underlying data access technology that came from a Microsoft internal database product development project, code-named Cirrus. Cirrus was developed from a pre-release version of Visual Basic code and was used as the database engine of <a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a>. Tony Goodhew, who worked for Microsoft at the time, says

</p>

<blockquote><p>"It would be reasonably accurate to say that up until that stage Jet was more the name of the team that was assigned to work on the DB engine modules of Access rather than a component team. For VB [Visual Basic] 3.0 they basically had to tear it out of Access and graft it onto VB. That's why they've had all those Jet/ODBC problems in VB 3.0."

</p></blockquote>

<p>Jet became more componentized when Access 2.0 was released because the Access ODBC developers used parts of the Jet code to produce the ODBC driver. A retrofit was provided that allowed Visual Basic 3.0 users to use the updated Jet issued in Access 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodhew1996-11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodhew1996-11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Jet 2.0 was released as several <a href="Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">dynamic linked libraries</a> (DLL's) that were utilized by <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>, such as Microsoft's Access database. DLL's in <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> are "libraries" of common code that can be used by more than one application—by keeping code that more than one application uses under a common library which each of these applications can use independently code maintenance is reduced and the functionality of applications increases, with less development effort. Jet 2.0 comprised three DLL's: the Jet DLL, the <a href="Data_Access_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Access Objects">Data Access Objects</a> (DAO) DLL and several external ISAM DLL's. The Jet DLL determined what sort of database it was accessing, and how to perform what was requested of it. If the data source was an MDB file (a Microsoft Access format) then it would directly read and write the data to the file. If the data source was external, then it would call on the correct ODBC driver to perform its request. The DAO DLL was a component that programmers could use to interface with the Jet engine, and was mainly used by Visual Basic and Access Basic programmers. The ISAM DLL's were a set of modules that allowed Jet to access three ISAM based databases: xBase, Paradox and Btrieve.<sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_MicrosoftJet2Overview"><a class="external autonumber external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Database_Engine#endnote_MicrosoftJet2Overview">[2]</a></sup> Jet 2.0 was replaced with Jet 2.1, which used the same database structure but different locking strategies, making it incompatible with Jet 2.0.

</p><p>Jet 3.0 included many enhancements, including a new <a href="Index_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (database)">index</a> structure that reduced storage size and the time that was taken to create indices that were highly duplicated, the removal of read <a href="Lock_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (database)">locks</a> on index pages, a new mechanism for page reuse, a new compacting method for which compacting the database resulted in the indices being stored in a clustered-index format, a new page allocation mechanism to improve Jet's read-ahead capabilities, improved delete operations that sped up processing, <a href="Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">multi-threading</a> (three threads were used to perform read ahead, write behind, and cache maintenance), implicit transactions (users did not have to instruct the engine to start manually and commit transactions to the database), a new sort engine, long values (such as memos or binary data types) were stored in separate tables, and dynamic buffering (whereby Jet's cache was dynamically allocated at start up and had no limit and which changed from a <a href="FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">first in, first out</a> (FIFO) buffer replacement policy to a <a href="Least_recently_used" class="mw-redirect" title="Least recently used">least recently used</a> (LRU) buffer replacement policy).<sup id="cite_ref-Jet3Features_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet3Features-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jet 3.0 also allowed for database replication.

Jet 3.0 was replaced by Jet 3.5, which uses the same database structure, but different locking strategies, making it incompatible with Jet 3.0.

</p><p>Jet 4.0 gained numerous additional features and enhancements.<sup id="cite_ref-Jet4Features_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet4Features-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character storage support, along with an <a href="Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">NT</a> sorting method that was also implemented in the <a href="Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> version;</li>

<li>Changes to data types to be more like <a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">SQL Server</a>'s (LongText or Memo; Binary; LongBinary; Date/Time; Real; Float4; IEEESingle; Double; Byte or Tinyint; Integer or Integer synonyms Smallint, Integer2, and Short; LongInteger or LongInteger synonyms Int, Integer, and Counter; Currency or Money; Boolean and GUID); a new decimal data type</li>

<li>Memo fields could now be indexed</li>

<li>Compressible data types</li>

<li><a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> enhancements to make Jet conform more closely to <a href="ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> <a href="SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a></li>

<li>Finer grained security; views support; procedure support</li>

<li>Invocation and termination (committing or rolling back) of transactions</li>

<li>Enhanced table creation and modification</li>

<li><a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a> support</li>

<li>Connection control (connected users remain connected, but once disconnected they cannot reconnect, and new connections cannot be made. This is useful for database administrators to gain control of the database)</li>

<li>A user list, which allows administrators to determine who is connected to the database</li>

<li>Record-level locking (previous versions only supported page-locking)</li>

<li>Bi-directional replication with MS SQL Server.</li></ul>

<p>Microsoft Access versions from Access 2000 to Access 2010 included an "Upsizing Wizard" which could "<a href="Upsizing_(database)" title="Upsizing (database)">upsize</a>" (upgrade) a Jet database to "an equivalent database on SQL Server with the same table structure, data, and many other attributes of the original database". Reports, queries, macros and security were not handled by this tool, meaning that some manual modifications might have been needed if the application was heavily reliant on these Jet features.<sup id="cite_ref-upsize_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upsize-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A standalone version of the Jet 4 database engine was a component of <a href="Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">Microsoft Data Access Components</a> (MDAC), and was included in every version of Windows from Windows 2000 on.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jet database engine was only <a href="32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> and did not run natively under <a href="64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> versions of Windows. This meant that native 64-bit applications (such as the 64-bit versions of SQL Server) could not access data stored in MDB files through ODBC, <a href="OLE_DB" title="OLE DB">OLE DB</a>, or any other means, except through intermediate 32-bit software (running in <a href="WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a>) that acted as a proxy for the 64-bit client.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>With version 2007 onward, Access includes an Office-specific version of Jet, initially called the <i>Office Access Connectivity Engine</i> (ACE), but which is now called the <i>Access Database Engine</i> (However MS-Access consultants and VBA developers who specialize in MS-Access are more likely to refer to it as "the ACE Database Engine"). This engine was backward-compatible with previous versions of the Jet engine, so it could read and write (.mdb) files from earlier Access versions. It introduced a new default file format, (.accdb), that brought several improvements to Access, including complex data types such as multi-value fields, the attachment data type and history tracking in memo fields. It also brought security changes and encryption improvements and enabled integration with Microsoft <a href="Windows_SharePoint_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows SharePoint Services">Windows SharePoint Services</a> 3.0 and <a href="Microsoft_Office_Outlook" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office Outlook">Microsoft Office Outlook</a> 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-future_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be obtained separately.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The engine in Microsoft Access 2010 discontinued support for Access 1.0, Access 2.0, Lotus 1-2-3 and Paradox files.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 64-bit version of Access 2010 and its ACE Driver/Provider was introduced, which in essence provides a 64-bit version of Jet. The driver is not part of the Windows operating system, but is available as a redistributable.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The engine in Microsoft Access 2013 discontinued support for Access 95, Access 97 and xBase files, and it also discontinued support for replication.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Version 1608 of Microsoft Access 2016 restored support for xBase files,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Version 1703 introduced a Large Number data type.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>From a data access technology standpoint, Jet is considered a deprecated technology by Microsoft,<sup id="cite_ref-roadmap_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roadmap-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Microsoft continues to support ACE as part of Microsoft Access.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h2></div>

<p>Microsoft provides the JET drivers for Microsoft Windows only and third party software support for JET databases is almost exclusively found on Windows. However, there are <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> projects that enable working with JET databases on other platforms including <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. Notably, <a href="MDB_Tools" title="MDB Tools">MDB Tools</a> and its much extended Java port named <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jackcess.sourceforge.net/">Jackcess</a> as well as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucanaccess.sourceforge.net/site.html">UCanAccess</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="SQL_Server_Compact" title="SQL Server Compact">SQL Server Compact</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/definition/RDBMS-relational-database-management-system">"What is an RDBMS (relational database management system)? | Definition from TechTarget"</a>. <i>Data Management</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/425948837/DAO-ODBC-Connectivity">"DAO, ODBC Connectivity | PDF | Microsoft Access | Databases"</a>. <i>Scribd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jet4Features-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jet4Features_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jet4Features_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMS_KB_article_2755612007" class="citation web cs1">MS KB article 275561 (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/275561/en">"Description of the new features that are included in Microsoft Jet 4.0"</a>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Access 2002 setup program only updated system files on certain versions of Windows and to a certain level.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Access 2003 relied on the Jet engine component of the operating system for its data storage and query processing.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Goodhew1996-11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodhew1996-11_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoodhew1996" class="citation web cs1">Goodhew, Tony (November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093446/http://www.avdf.com/nov96/acc_jet.html">"Jet Engine: History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avdf.com/nov96/acc_jet.html">the original</a> on August 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jet3Features-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jet3Features_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMS_KB_article_1370392003" class="citation web cs1">MS KB article 137039 (December 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/137039/en">"New Features in Microsoft Jet Version 3.0"</a>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-upsize-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-upsize_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Microsoft</i>, "Microsoft Access 2000 Data Engine Options", white paper.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMS_KB_article_2391142008" class="citation web cs1">MS KB article 239114 (May 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/239114/en">"How to obtain the latest service pack for the Microsoft Jet 4.0 Database Engine"</a>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGorm_Braarvig" class="citation web cs1">Gorm Braarvig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gorm-braarvig.blogspot.com/2005/11/access-database-from-sql-200564.html">"Access database from SQL 2005/64"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-future-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-future_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJakšić2008" class="citation web cs1">Jakšić, Aleksandar (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc811599.aspx">"Developing Access 2007 Solutions with Native C or C++"</a>. Microsoft Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andy Baron, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb188204(SQL.90).aspx">Optimizing Microsoft Office Access Applications Linked to SQL Server</a>, November 2006.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/HA100678311033.aspx">New features of the Access 2007 file format</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227213151/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/HA100678311033.aspx">Archived</a> 2009-12-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221132443/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?displaylang=en&FamilyID=7554f536-8c28-4598-9b72-ef94e038c891">2007 Office System Driver: Data Connectivity Components</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-gb/access-help/discontinued-features-and-modified-functionality-in-access-2010-HA101806473.aspx">Discontinued features and modified functionality in Access 2010</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_W._Saxton,_Microsoft_SQL_Server_Escalation_Services2010" class="citation web cs1">Adam W. Saxton, Microsoft SQL Server Escalation Services (January 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/psssql/how-to-get-a-x64-version-of-jet">"How to get a x64 version of Jet?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100907015006/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=C06B8369-60DD-4B64-A44B-84B371EDE16D&displaylang=en">"Microsoft Access Database Engine 2010 Redistributable"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=13255">the original</a> on September 7, 2010.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access-help/discontinued-features-and-modified-functionality-in-access-2013-HA102749226.aspx">Discontinued features and modified functionality in Access 2013</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.office.com/en-us/2016/09/07/back-by-popular-demand-dbase-file-support-in-access/">Back by popular demand—dBASE file support in Access</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft,

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.office.com/en-gb/article/What-s-new-in-Access-2016-76454345-f85d-47af-ace1-98a456cb3496">What's New in Access 2016</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-roadmap-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roadmap_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShirolkarHenryPepitoneBunch2008" class="citation web cs1">Shirolkar, Prash; Henry, Alyssa; Pepitone, Stephen; Bunch, Acey J. (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms810810.aspx">"Data Access Technologies Road Map"</a>. Microsoft Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/JET_Database" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:JET Database">JET Database</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMhvo3CIeTkC">Microsoft Jet Database Engine Programmer's Guide</a>, Microsoft, 1995</li>

<li>Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000462.shtml">Microsoft Access MDB File Format Family</a></li>

<li>Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000463.shtml">Microsoft Access ACCDB File Format Family</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Microsoft_development_tools271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Microsoft development tools</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development<br>environments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express</a></li>

<li><a href="VSTS_Profiler" title="VSTS Profiler">Team System Profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Tools_for_Applications" title="Visual Studio Tools for Applications">Tools for Applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Tools_for_Office" title="Visual Studio Tools for Office">Tools for Office</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Blend" title="Microsoft Blend">Blend</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Expression_Web" title="Microsoft Expression Web">Expression Web</a></li>

<li><a href="FxCop" title="FxCop">FxCop</a></li>

<li><a href="GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_MACRO-80" title="Microsoft MACRO-80">MACRO-80</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Macro_Assembler" title="Microsoft Macro Assembler">Macro Assembler</a></li>

<li><a href="MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickBASIC" title="QuickBASIC">QuickBASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="QuickC" title="QuickC">QuickC</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Robotics_Developer_Studio" title="Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio">Robotics Developer Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_SharePoint_Designer" title="Microsoft SharePoint Designer">SharePoint Designer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_FrontPage" title="Microsoft FrontPage">FrontPage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_WebMatrix" title="Microsoft WebMatrix">WebMatrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_App_Studio" title="Windows App Studio">Windows App Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Windows_SDK" title="Microsoft Windows SDK">Windows SDK</a>

<ul><li><a href="CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="ILAsm" title="ILAsm">ILAsm</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_Image_Generator" title="Native Image Generator">Native Image Generator</a></li>

<li><a href="WinDiff" title="WinDiff">WinDiff</a></li>

<li><a href="XAMLPad" class="mw-redirect" title="XAMLPad">XAMLPad</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Dynamics_AX" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Dynamics AX">Dynamics AX</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">BASIC</a></li>

<li>Visual Basic

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">Visual C++</a>

<li><a href="Managed_Extensions_for_C%2B%2B" title="Managed Extensions for C++">Managed C++</a></li>

<li><a href="C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li>

<li><a href="Dexterity_(programming_language)" title="Dexterity (programming language)">Dexterity</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>

<ul><li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>

<li><a href="IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">APIs and<br>frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a>

<ul><li><a href="Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xbox_Development_Kit" title="Xbox Development Kit">Xbox Development Kit</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li>

<li><a href="WinUI" class="mw-redirect" title="WinUI">WinUI</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Dynamic_Data" title="ASP.NET Dynamic Data">Dynamic Data</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">Razor</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">Web Forms</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Communication Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Identity_Foundation" title="Windows Identity Foundation">Identity Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Presentation Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">Workflow Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Windows_Hardware_Lab_Kit" title="Windows Hardware Lab Kit">Windows HLK</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Database</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">SQL Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SQL_Server_Express" title="SQL Server Express">Express</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Compact" title="SQL Server Compact">Compact</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Management_Studio" title="SQL Server Management Studio">Management Studio</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">SQL services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Analysis_Services" title="Microsoft Analysis Services">Analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Reporting_Services" title="SQL Server Reporting Services">Reporting</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Integration_Services" title="SQL Server Integration Services">Integration</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_Server_Notification_Services" title="SQL Server Notification Services">Notification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe" title="Microsoft Visual SourceSafe">Visual SourceSafe</a></li>

<li><a href="Azure_DevOps_Server#TFVC" title="Azure DevOps Server">Team Foundation Version Control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing and<br>debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CodeView" title="CodeView">CodeView</a></li>

<li><a href="OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li>

<li><a href="Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Script_Debugger" title="Microsoft Script Debugger">Script Debugger</a></li>

<li><a href="WinDbg" title="WinDbg">WinDbg</a></li>

<li><a href="XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Setup" title="Active Setup">Active Setup</a></li>

<li><a href="ClickOnce" title="ClickOnce">ClickOnce</a></li>

<li><a href="NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li>

<li><a href="Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Platform_Installer" title="Web Platform Installer">Web Platform Installer</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a>

<li><a href="Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_APIs_and_frameworks486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microsoft_APIs_and_frameworks486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Microsoft_Windows_application_programming_interfaces_and_frameworks" title="List of Microsoft Windows application programming interfaces and frameworks">Microsoft APIs and frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Graphics and UI</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct2D" title="Direct2D">Direct2D</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a></li>

<li><a href="D3DX" title="D3DX">D3D (extensions)</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">WinUI</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Color_System" title="Windows Color System">Windows Color System</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Image_Acquisition" title="Windows Image Acquisition">Windows Image Acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Imaging_Component" title="Windows Imaging Component">Windows Imaging Component</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectX_Graphics_Infrastructure" title="DirectX Graphics Infrastructure">DirectX Graphics Infrastructure (DXGI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Advanced_Rasterization_Platform" title="Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform">Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DirectMusic" title="DirectMusic">DirectMusic</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectSound" title="DirectSound">DirectSound</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Speech_API" title="Microsoft Speech API">Speech API</a></li>

<li><a href="XAudio2" title="XAudio2">XAudio2</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a>

<ul><li><a href="DirectX_Media_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX Media Objects">Media Objects</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectX_Video_Acceleration" title="DirectX Video Acceleration">Video Acceleration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xinput" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinput">Xinput</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectInput" title="DirectInput">DirectInput</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectShow" title="DirectShow">DirectShow</a></li>

<li><a href="Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_Foundation" title="Media Foundation">Media Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Media" title="Windows Media">Windows Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Web</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li>

<li><a href="VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Gadgets" title="Microsoft Gadgets">SideBar Gadgets</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Data access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">Data Access Components (MDAC)</a>

<li><a href="Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Sync_Framework" title="Microsoft Sync Framework">Sync Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Winsock" title="Winsock">Winsock</a>

<li><a href="Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Winsock_Kernel" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">Winsock Kernel</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Filtering_Platform" title="Windows Filtering Platform">Filtering Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Rally" title="Windows Rally">Windows Rally</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectPlay" title="DirectPlay">DirectPlay</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MAPI" title="MAPI">Messaging API</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephony_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Telephony Application Programming Interface">Telephony API</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Administration and<br>management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Win32_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32 console">Win32 console</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI (extensions)</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Vista_I/O_technologies#Offline_Files" title="Windows Vista I/O technologies">Offline Files</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_Viewer#Windows_Event_Log" title="Event Viewer">Event Log</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">Common Log File System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">Distributed Component Object Model</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Active_Template_Library" title="Active Template Library">Active Template Library (ATL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library (WTL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_CryptoAPI" title="Microsoft CryptoAPI">Crypto API</a>

<ul><li><a href="CAPICOM" title="CAPICOM">CAPICOM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">Windows CardSpace</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Protection_API" title="Data Protection API">Data Protection API</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href=".NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href=".NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Software_Factory_(Microsoft_.NET)" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Factory (Microsoft .NET)">Software factories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Enterprise Library</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_RPC" title="Microsoft RPC">MSRPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Accessibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Active Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">UI Automation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Text and multilingual<br>support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DirectWrite" title="DirectWrite">DirectWrite</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_Services_Framework" title="Text Services Framework">Text Services Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_Object_Model" title="Text Object Model">Text Object Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Input_method" title="Input method">Input method editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Pack</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Access_Database_Engine&oldid=1304827151">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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